Article de Christophe BERNARD (TBS Education) et Sébastien MITRAILLE (TBS Education)Publié dans la revue : International Journal of Industrial Organization
This article delves into the intriguing dynamics of how information asymmetry impacts task allocation between a manufacturer and its supplier.
The authors specifically focus on scenarios where tasks exhibit horizontal differentiation, and the comparative edge in terms of marginal costs fluctuates throughout the production process. Our findings illustrate that the manufacturer tends to excessively outsource tasks to a generalist supplier, while not leveraging enough from a specialist supplier based on the efficiency spectrum.
The underlying driver of these patterns lies in the presence of balancing incentives. Interestingly, when the manufacturer’s internal costs are acceptably low, it opts to offload some of its high-performing tasks while keeping the underperforming ones in-house. These dual distortions occur simultaneously, thereby influencing the contract offered to the generalist supplier.
Article by David LE BRIS (TBS Education) and Alain ALCOUFFE (Université Toulouse Capitole)Published in : European Journal of the History of Economic Thought
At the end of the 19th, Georges d’Avenel produced a highly original work in various fields. Unsatisfied with the usual way to write history, he turned his attention to quantitative data to understand the past. In particular, he built series of prices of multiples goods and services from 1200 onwards.He proposed a documented analysis of long-term changes in prices as a result of the technical progress, in income and wealth inequalities as captured by the top 1%, as well as in the evolution of mentalities.
His approaches were criticized both by both new professional “Republican” historians than by Conservative analysts. However, his data used by Pareto, Fisher, Frisch or Marshall are still used in current economic history and his analysis fertilized various fields in particular the Ecole des Annales.
Professor at TBS Education since 2010, Servane Delanoë-Gueguen became the Dean of TBS Education on September 1st. Her new role within the faculty is the culmination of this entrepreneurship expert’s constant commitment to the development of the school and the success of its students.
Servane Delanoë-Gueguen has a PhD in entrepreneurship from the Open University (UK) and an MBA from the Mc Combs School of Business (University of Texas). Servane Delanoë-Gueguen started her career in finance at Goldman Sachs, where she held the position of VP of Fixed Income Sales and Trading, before moving on to entrepreneurship as the head of a start-up project.
Recruited by TBS Education as a professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship in 2010, she was in charge of the M2 Entrepreneurship and Business Development from 2013 to 2018, before managing the Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Innovation department from 2018 to 2021.
Deeply involved in educational innovation, Servane Delanoë-Gueguen has contributed to several structuring projects reinforcing the strengths of TBS Education around business initiatives and support for young creators. In particular, she co-created the TBSeeds incubator, a project dedicated to TBS Education’s student entrepreneurs, that she managed from 2012 to 2016. She has also supported TBS Education’s engagement in the Babson Collaborative network and the partnership with Babson College (USA), a global reference in entrepreneurship where she was a member of the Advisory Board. More recently, she spearheaded SEMIS, the Master in Management Program’s entrepreneurial initiation seminar, which offers a learning methodology based on experimentation, stimulating creativity, agility and the students’ collective intelligence. This innovative program received a Spotlight Award from Babson Collaborative in 2020.
Servane Delanoë-Gueguen has also published many articles in French and international academic journals such as Management Decision, the Journal of Small Business Management, the International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, the “Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat” and the “Revue Internationale PME”.
As Dean, Servane Delanoë-Gueguen will contribute to the deployment of TBS Education’s strategic plan, whose tenets involve the faculty directly: educational well-being, new campuses, research, new training models.
“Today, I want to put my varied experience and skills to work for the institution in a different way. Faced with unprecedented challenges, the world of higher education must innovate and reinvent itself. Through my new role, I wish to contribute to developing the solutions TBS Education will bring to these challenges. I will of course make supporting our professors a guiding principle of my mandate, so as to enable each of them to flourish in his or her career and to contribute to an education that best prepares students for contemporary challenges. It is an honor to have been chosen for this position and I look forward to joining a superb, dynamic and ambitious team.”– Servane Delanoë-Gueguen, new Dean of TBS Education
“Today, I want to put my varied experience and skills to work for the institution in a different way. Faced with unprecedented challenges, the world of higher education must innovate and reinvent itself. Through my new role, I wish to contribute to developing the solutions TBS Education will bring to these challenges. I will of course make supporting our professors a guiding principle of my mandate, so as to enable each of them to flourish in his or her career and to contribute to an education that best prepares students for contemporary challenges. It is an honor to have been chosen for this position and I look forward to joining a superb, dynamic and ambitious team.”
– Servane Delanoë-Gueguen, new Dean of TBS Education
“Servane Delanoë-Gueguen joins the management team that I am fortunate to lead. She will work alongside me to raise our school to its highest level of academic excellence and maximize the employability of our learners. Her personality, background, and academic and entrepreneurial skills will be tremendous assets in supporting the school’s development.”– Stéphanie Lavigne, Managing Director of TBS Education
“Servane Delanoë-Gueguen joins the management team that I am fortunate to lead. She will work alongside me to raise our school to its highest level of academic excellence and maximize the employability of our learners. Her personality, background, and academic and entrepreneurial skills will be tremendous assets in supporting the school’s development.”
TBS Education’s Inspiring Guest project is in the spotlight for its innovative approach to teaching finance. After winning the Best Session Award at the AOM Teaching and Learning Conference and the Best Innovation Strategy Award from AMBA, it has been awarded the FMA Innovation in Teaching Award!
The Financial Management Association International‘s (FMA) Innovation in Teaching Award was created to recognize inspiring educators, improve the quality and relevance of education in finance and spread successful innovative practices. This international competition is open to any educator who teaches undergraduate or graduate students in finance.
The finalists are selected by a committee based on 3 criterias:
David Stolin, co-founder of TBS Education’s Inspiring Guest program with Elie Gray, received the 1st prize for their project “Teaching finance through short humorous videos made in collaboration with a comedian”.
TBS Education is constantly exploring unconventional teaching methods, favoring pedagogical innovation for the benefit of its students. The Business School offers a wide range of technics to acquire knowledge and prepare for the business world. By offering an innovative approach to teaching, we capture students’ attention, make the content more memorable and develop their agility.
The first edition of Inspiring Guest project is developed around educational videos staring the Californian comedian Sammy Obeid. Not only the stand-up comedian is the host of “100 Humans” on Netflix but he is also a UC Berkeley Math & Business graduate.
The success of this first edition exceeded the expectations of the pedagogical team. Fully satisfied with the outcome, the Business School is currently preparing a new exciting edition of TBS Inspiring Guest.
Gilles Lafforgue has been appointed member of the Commission on the Economy of Sustainable Development (CEDD) of the French Ministry of Ecological Transition. The title of qualified personality for his economic expertise was awarded to him in this context. Very involved in the research sphere in terms of sustainable development and recognized for his economic expertise, this professor-researcher at TBS Education had participated in the French Carbon Commission from 2017 to 2019. His involvement and the recognition of his high skills are confirmed with this new appointment.
The CEDD was created on November 10, 2020 at the initiative of the French Prime Minister and the French Minister of Ecological Transition. It succeeds the Economic Council for Sustainable Development. The CEDD provides assistance to French public decision-making on sustainable development from an economic perspective.
The mission of this consultative commission is to provide insight into the fields of the environment, energy and climate, transportation and housing. To do this, it relies on the analysis of statistical data and the comparison of economic analyses, the development and evaluation of public policies in these areas.
The professor-researcher will participate more specifically in the work of the “Environment” group, whose objective is to examine and discuss the economic accounts of the environment (monetary and physical flows relating to natural environments, natural resources, the circular economy, or the reduction of emissions and consumption).
11 new professors from all over the world are joining our school.
Ireland, India, Portugal, France, the United States, Russia, Colombia, Brazil and Switzerland join the many nationalities already at TBS to support and train our students!
We are pleased to welcome this year:
Welcome to Toulouse, welcome to TBS!
By Silvia DELLO RUSSO
Together with a group of international colleagues from the 5C Collaborative (www.5c.careers), I studied employability, defined as an individual’s perception of being able to find alternative jobs in the external labor market. I have studied this subject with particular attention to older workers, as individuals are forced to work longer in their lives; paradoxically, however, as they age, they face great discrimination when seeking or re-employment. We conducted a survey in 30 countries and collected responses from over 9,000 people employed in managerial or professional jobs. By analyzing this data, we were able to show that older workers perceive a disadvantage in terms of external employability, but that having experienced development activities throughout their career mitigates this situation.
By W. Gregory Voss & Hugues Bouthinon-Dumas
Ridiculously low ceilings on administrative fines hindered the effectiveness of EU data protection law for over twenty years. US tech giants may have seen these fines as a cost of doing business. Now, over two years after the commencement of the European Union’s widely heralded General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the anticipated billion-euro sanctions of EU Data Protection Authorities, or ‘DPAs’, which were to have changed the paradigm, have yet to be issued.
Newspaper tribunes and Twitter posts by activists, policymakers and consumers evidence a sense of unfulfilled expectations. DPA action has not supported the theoretical basis for GDPR sanctions—that of deterrence. However, the experience to date and reactions to it inspire recommendations for DPAs and companies alike.In our working paper, EU General Data Protection Regulation Sanctions in Theory and in Practice, forthcoming in Volume 37 of the Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal later in 2020, we explore the theoretical bases for GDPR sanctions and test the reality of DPA action against those bases. We use an analysis of the various functions of sanctions (confiscation, retribution, incapacitation etc) to determine that their main objective in the GDPR context is to act as a deterrent, inciting compliance.
To achieve deterrence, sanctions must be severe enough to dissuade. This has not been the case under the GDPR as shown through an examination of actual amount of the sanctions, which is paradoxical, given the substantial increase in the potential maximum fines under the GDPR. Sanctions prior to the GDPR, with certain exceptions, were generally capped at amounts under €1 million (eg £500,000 in the UK, €100,000 in Ireland, €300,000 in Germany and €105,000 in Sweden).
Since the GDPR has applied, sanctions have ranged from €28 for Google Ireland Limited in Hungary to €50 million for Google Inc in France, far below the potential maximum fine of 4% of turnover, or approximately €5.74 billion for Google Inc. based on 2019 turnover. While the highest sanctions under the GDPR have been substantially greater than those assessed under the prior legislation, they have been far from the maximum fines allowed under the GDPR.
Nonetheless, this failure of DPAs, especially the Irish DPA responsible for overseeing most of the US Tech Giants, has not gone unnoticed, as shown by EU institutional reports on the GDPR’s first two years. Indeed, increased funding of DPAs and greater use of cooperation and consistency mechanisms are called for, highlighting the DPAs’ current lack of means. Here, we underscore the fact that, in the area of data protection, there has been perhaps too much reliance on national regulators whereas in other fields (banking regulation, credit rating agencies etc), the European Union has tended to move toward centralization of enforcement.
Despite these short-fallings, the GDPR’s beefing-up of the enforcement toolbox has allowed for actions by non-profit organizations mandated by individuals (such as La Quadrature du Net that took action against tech giants after the GDPR came into force), making it easier for individuals to bring legal proceedings against violators in the future, and an EU Directive on representative actions for the protection of consumer collective interests is in the legislative pipeline.
On the side of businesses, there has been a lack of understanding of certain key provisions of the GDPR and, as compliance theorists tell us, certain firms may be overly conservative and tend to over-comply out of too great of a fear of sanction. This seems to be the case with the GDPR’s provisions regarding data breach notifications, where unnecessary notifications have overtaxed DPAs. The one-stop-shop mechanism, which is admittedly complex, also created misunderstanding.
This mechanism allows the DPA of the main establishment in the European Union of a non-EU company to become the lead supervisory authority in procedures involving that company, which potentially could lead to companies’ forum-shopping on this basis. However, there is also a requirement that the main establishment has decision-making power with respect to the data processing to which the procedure relates. Failure to consider the latter requirement could result in companies selecting main establishments in countries where there is not such decision-making power, and thereby halt attempts at forum-shopping for a lead supervisory authority for certain processing. One example of this culminated in the French DPA (CNIL)’s largest fine so far, imposed on Google, whereas the latter argued that the Irish DPA was its lead supervisory authority.
As we explain in our paper, a lack of GDPR enforcement carries risks. Not only does it undercut the deterrent effect of the GDPR, but it also provides a tenuous basis for risk assessment by companies. While the GDPR’s first two years involved a sort of grace period when DPAs focused on educating companies and spent time painfully investigating complaints to litigation-proof their cases, some companies model their risk assessment of regulation based on enforcement histories. If there is a push for greater enforcement, which EU institutional reports would tend to foreshadow, the basis for companies’ models will be inaccurate. Furthermore, such dependence on risk evaluation ignores potential benefits to firms of increased trust and efficiency involved with expanding compliance to adopt a higher data protection compliance standard applied to customers worldwide.
Thus, we argue, not only should DPAs sanction offenders, but DPAs should sanction them severely when justified, establishing the necessary deterrence effect for EU data protection law. Moreover, DPA’s communication should in many cases be modified to stop downplaying sanctions: such communication is counterproductive to the desired effect of sanctions. Companies, on the other hand, should take efforts to understand fully the GDPR, and embrace compliance, leaving behind data protection forum-shopping as a potentially ineffective action. Furthermore, the typical securities lawyer warning that, ‘past performance is no guarantee of future results’, may be a forewarning to companies using past sanctions to create their compliance risk-assessment models that the results may not be accurate for the future.
Gregory Voss is an Associate Professor in the Human Resources Management & Business Law Department at TBS Education.
Hugues Bouthinon-Dumas is an Associate Professor in the Public and Private Policy Department at ESSEC Business School.
This article originally appeared on the Oxford Business Law Blog (OBLB) and is reproduced with permission and thanks.
As COVID-19 has spread across the world it has had major impacts on supply chains. It is reasonable to assume that the impact on trade flows may be even greater than that for the GFC in 2009, where world trade fell by over 20%. Most of this is an entirely natural result of the closure of many production structures around the world. However, some trade impacts are the direct result of trade policy interventions by governments, which presage a more major and long-term impact from the current crisis. Discover more in the video below:
[Série – Face à la crise Covid-19] How will Covid-19 impact international trade policies ? from FNEGE MEDIAS on Vimeo.
Consumers in Western markets are increasingly critical towards globalization and re-embrace local values. Companies thus must decide whether to continue to pursue global branding strategies and/or rejuvenate local branding strategies. To explore the implications of market globalization for consumer preferences, we use signaling theory to investigate the role of perceived brand globalness and localness as signals of brand credibility, related downstream effects and boundary conditions, across two countries with differing levels of globalization. In globalized markets, brand globalness is a weaker signal of brand credibility than brand localness, whereas in globalizing markets, the two signals are of equal importance.
Building Credible Brands in (Post-)Globalizing Markets from FNEGE MEDIAS on Vimeo.